Voice or Public Sector Management? An Empirical Investigation of Determinants of Public Sector Performance based on a Survey of Public Officials
Voice or Public Sector Management? An Empirical Investigation of Determinants of Public Sector Performance based on a Survey of Public Officials
Kaufmann, Daniel, Mehrez, Gil and Gurgur, Tugrul, "Voice or Public Sector Management? An Empirical Investigation of Determinants of Public Sector Performance based on a Survey of Public Officials" (World Bank Research Working Paper). June 2002. Abstract: Drawing on an in-depth governance micro-survey of public officials within a country, we address empirically the question of the relative importance of the various determinants of governance. We investigate the causes of poor governance, and show that commonly made inferences about policy based on simple correlation can be highly misleading, because the high correlation between the various governance (and public sector management) determinants, as well as the endogeneity in these variables. We find that undue emphasis may have been given in previous work to a number of conventional public sector management variables (such as civil servant wages, internal enforcement of rules, autonomy of agency by fiat, etc.), while undermining the priority due to more 'external' (to public sector management) variables, such as external voice, transparency, and politicization. The latter set of 'voice'-related variables has larger affect on the quality of service and corruption than the more traditional public sector management type of variables. Further work drawing in depth on country-specific surveys in other settings is warranted to ascertain with more confidence whether a shift towards more prominence to transparency and 'voice'-type of variables is needed, backstopping the results for Bolivia in this paper. Go to article
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France has initiated one-year MBA programs, with INSEAD MBA pioneering this formula in 1959. Most of the Grandes Ecoles also offer respected MBA programs, including ESCP-EAP (the oldest business school in the world, founded in Paris in 1819), ESSEC, HEC, EM-Lyon and EDHEC. University-based French business schools have created since then (mostly in the 1990s) their own 12 to 24-month MBA programs, but with a much lower emphasis on internationalization and diversity.
Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a tertiary degree in business management. Originally designed to provide engineers with management skills, today's MBA draws applicants from a range of disciplines.
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