Internet Filtering in China
Internet Filtering in China
Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin G., "Internet Filtering in China" . IEEE Internet Computing, March/April 2003 Abstract: The authors are collecting data on the methods, scope, and depth of selective barriers to Internet access through Chinese networks. Tests from May 2002 through November 2002 indicate at least four distinct and independently operable methods of Internet filtering, with a documentable leap in filtering sophistication beginning in September 2002. The authors document thousands of sites rendered inaccessible using the most common and longstanding filtering practice. These sites were found through connections to the Internet by telephone dial-up link and through proxy servers in China. Once so connected, the authors attempted to access approximately two hundred thousand web sites. The authors tracked 19,032 web sites that were inaccessible from China on multiple occasions while remaining accessible from the United States. Such sites contained information about news, politics, health, commerce, and entertainment. The authors conclude (1) that the Chinese government maintains an active interest in preventing users from viewing certain web content, both sexually explicit and non-sexually explicit; (2) that it has managed to configure overlapping nationwide systems to effectively - if at times irregularly - block such content from users who do not regularly seek to circumvent such blocking; and (3) that such blocking systems are becoming more refined even as they are likely more labor- and technology-intensive to maintain than cruder predecessors. Go to article
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Facts on MBA
As the US MBA model emerged at the turn of the 20th century, Europeans developed centres of excellence in business, such as at the universities of London and Manchester. Elsewhere in Europe, companies started management programs, such as Cass Business School, London, IMD, Instituto de Empresa, INSEAD, Henley Management College and Ashridge to provide management training for promising employees. In 1968, the Asian Institute of Management was founded.
In the United States, by one estimate, the average cost of earning an MBA via an accredited full-time program (excluding room and board) rose from $124,000 in 1993 to $162,000 in 2001 (see Davies and Cline, 2005). The bulk of the cost is in the form of foregone earnings ($109,000 in 1993 and $139,000 in 2001). Accounting for the decrease in expected unemployment as well as the increase in expected wages and expected wage growth, the financial benefits to holding an MBA degree are the equivalent of an 18% rate of return on the cost of the degree (see Davies and Cline, 2005).
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